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XI. Use of Force and Arms Control
A. International Legal Norms Regarding the Use of Force
1. Legal Norms Prior to World War II
a. Developments Before the First World War
Malcolm Shaw, International Law
Ian Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States
Destruction of the Caroline
Sir Humphrey Waldock, The Regulation of the Use of Force by Individual States in International Law
Notes and Questions
b. Developments from World War I to World War II
1) The League of Nations
2) The Kellogg-Briand Pact
The General Treaty for the Renunciation of War
Notes and Questions
2. World War II to the Present
a. The Nuremberg Charter and Trials
The Charter of the International Military Tribunal, Articles 6, 26-29
b. The U.N. Charter
Articles 2(4), 51
Thomas M. Franck, Recourse to Force
Notes and Questions
c. Vietnam: The Controversy Continues
Louis Henkin, Vietnam: The Uncertain Trumpet of Uncertain Law
Notes and Questions
d. The Unsuccessful Mission to Rescue U.S. Hostages
in Iran
President Carter, Message to Congress
Notes and Questions
e. The U.S. Invasion of Panama: Where Does It Fit In?
Notes and Questions
f. Intervention and Counterintervention
Louis Henkin, Use of Force: Law and Policy
Notes and Questions
g. Dealing with Terrorists
Abraham Sofaer, Terrorism, the Law, and National Defense
Jack M. Beard, America's New War on Terror: The Case for Self-Defense Under International Law
Notes and Questions
Michael J. Glennon, The Fog of Law: Self-Defense, Inherence, and Incoherence in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter
B. Collective Intervention: U.N. and Regional Peacekeeping Efforts
1. U.N. Use of Force and Peacekeeping Efforts
Chapter VII, Articles 39-42
Thomas M. Franck, Recourse to Force
Thomas M. Franck, Recourse to Force
Notes and Questions
2. U.N. and U.S. Response to Iraq
a. Historical Background
Avigdor Levy, The Gulf Crisis in Historical Perspective
Congressional Quarterly, The Middle East
b. The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait
c. Initial Reactions
d. The United Nations Gets Involved
Notes and Questions
e. Military Buildup: Operation Desert Shield
f. The Authorization for Use of Force and the
U.N. Ultimatum
U.N. Security Council Resolution 678
g. Operation Desert Storm
Notes and Questions
h. Gulf War Cease-Fire Resolutions
1) Boundary Demarcation
2) Claims Before the U.N. Compensation Commission
3) U.N. Justifications for Resolution 688 and
Iraqi Human Rights Violations
Jane Stromseth, Iraq's Repression of Its Civilian Population: Collective Responses and Continuing Challenges
4) Weapons Monitoring and Destruction
Notes and Questions
i. Iraq Returns to the Forefront: 2002-2003
U.N. Security Council Resolution 1441
Notes and Questions
j. The War Begins
k. The Aftermath of the War
Notes and Questions
3. Regional Peacekeeping Efforts
a. The Cuban Quarantine
Louis Henkin, How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy
Notes and Questions
b. Intervention in Kosovo
Mary Ellen O'Connor, The UN, NATO, and International Law After Kosovo
Jane Stromseth, Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention: The Case for Incremental Change
Notes and Questions
C. Individual Responsibility and International Humanitarian Law
1. Nuremberg and Other World War II Precedents
Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals
Notes and Questions
War Crimes, War Criminals, and War Crimes Trials
2. The Tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda
Notes and Questions
3. The International Criminal Court
Leila Nadya Sadat, The International Criminal Court and the Transformation of International Law
Marc Grossman, American Foreign Policy and the International Criminal Court
Gary D. Solis, The ICC and Mad Prosecutors
Notes and Questions
4. The Geneva Conventions, Occupation, Prisoners of War,
and Suspected Terrorists
Frits Kalshoven, Constraints on the Waging of War
a. The Responsibilities of Occupying Powers
Jordan J. Paust, The U.S. as Occupying Power over Portions of Iraq and Relevant Responsibilities under The Law of War
b. Prisoners of War
Notes and Questions
c. The Scope of an “Armed Conflict” and the Treatment
of Terrorists
Steven R. Ratner & Jason S. Abrams, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law
Notes and Questions
Robert K. Goldman & Brian Tittemore, Unprivileged Combatants and the Hostilities in Afghanistan: Their Status and Rights Under International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law
Notes and Questions
D. U.S. Domestic Law Regarding the Use of Force
1. The War Powers Resolution
Thomas M. Franck, Rethinking War Powers: By Law or by "Thaumaturgic Invocation"
Notes and Questions
E. Combating the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
1. A Brief History and the Present Threat
2. Chemical and Biological Weapons
3. Nuclear Arms Control
a. The Test Ban Treaties
b. U.S.-Soviet/Russian Nuclear Arms Control
Arms Control Association, U.S.-Soviet/Russian Nuclear Arms Control
c. The Nonproliferation Treaty
Arms Control Association, The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty at a Glance
Jan Lodal, The Price of Dominance
d. The Dangerous Case of North Korea
William J. Perry, Ashton B. Carter, & John M. Shalikashvili, A Scary Thought: Loose Nukes in Korea
Frederic L. Kirgis, North Korea's Withdrawal from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
Paul Kerr, North Korea Restarts Reactor; IAEA Sends Resolution to UN
Notes and Questions
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